Fundamentals Of Chemistry 1st Sem Pragati

Fundamentals of Chemistry : Designed for B.Sc. 1st Year, 1st Semester students, this second revised edition (2022) textbook, spanning 384 pages, aligns with the NEP 2020 curriculum. It offers a comprehensive overview of core chemistry concepts, detailed as follows:

1. Molecular Polarity and Weak Chemical Forces
– Resonance and resonance energy
– Formal charge
– Van der Waals forces
– Dipole-dipole interactions, including ion-dipole and dipole-induced dipole interactions
– Hydrogen bonding
– Effects of weak chemical forces on melting/boiling points, solubility, and lattice energy

2. Simple Bonding Theories of Molecules
– Atomic orbitals and Aufbau principles
– Multiple bonding and bond lengths
– Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
– Hybridization and hybrid orbitals
– Molecular geometry
– Bent’s rules
– Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT)
– Bond orders of homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules

3. Brief Discussion of Organic Chemistry Basics
– Hybridization, bond lengths, and bond angles
– Bond energy
– Localized and delocalized chemical bonding
– Van der Waals interactions, inclusion compounds, and charge transfer complexes

4. Mechanism of Organic Reactions
– Curved arrow notation and electron movement
– Bond fission (homolytic and heterolytic)
– Types of reagents (electrophiles and nucleophiles)
– Reaction types and energy considerations
– Reactive intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, radicals, carbenes, arynes, nitrenes)
– Methods to determine reaction mechanisms (product analysis, intermediates, isotope effects, kinetic and stereochemical studies)

1. Stereochemistry

– Isomerism and types of isomerism (optical, geometric)
– Molecular chirality and enantiomers
– Optical activity, properties of enantiomers
– Diastereomers, meso compounds
– Resolution of enantiomers, configuration determination (D & L, R & S systems)
– Geometric isomerism in oximes and alicyclic compounds
– Conformational analysis (ethane, butane, cyclohexane)

6. Basic Computer Systems
– Overview of hardware and software
– Input, storage, and output devices
– Central Processing Unit (CPU) components
– Number systems (binary, octal, hexadecimal)
– Operating systems (DOS, Windows, Linux)
– Software languages (machine language, assembly language, high-level languages)
– Software products (Office, ChemSketch, MATLAB, HyperChem, etc.)

7. Mathematical Concepts for Chemistry
– Logarithmic relations and curve sketching
– Differentiation and integration of functions
– Permutations, combinations, and probability.